Cryogenic
Material Properties
 
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Liquefication of Gasses
 
Cryogen K
Kelvin
Scale		 °C
Celsius
Scale		 °R
Rankine
Scale		 °F
Fahrenheit
Scale
Methane 111.7 K -161.5 C 201.1 R -258.6 F
Oxygen 90.2 K -183.0 C 162.4 R -297.3 F
Nitrogen 77.4 K -195.8 C 139.3 R -320.4 F
Hydrogen 20.3 K -252.9 C 36.5 R -423.2 F
Helium 4.2 K -269.0 C 7.6 R -452.1F
Absolute Zero 0 K -273.15 C 0 R -459.67F

References: NIST   •   Cryogenic Society of America
Note 1: Cryogenics is generally used to refer to temperatures below approximately -153 C. (120 K)
Note 2:  Normal Boiling Point (NBP) permanent gases change from gas to liquid.
Note 3:  The electrical resistance of most metals decreases as temperature decreases. .
 
Ambient Temperature Range
 
Conditions K
Kelvin
Min   •   Max		 °C
Celsius
Min   •   Max		 °F
Fahrenheit
Min   •   Max
Moon 89K to 393K -184C to +120C -300F to +250 F
Mars 133K to 293K -140C to +20C -220F to +68F
Earth (Surface) 184K to 329K -89C to +56C -128F to +133F
Earth (Ocean) 271K to 303K -2C to +30C +28F to +86F
Earth (Downhole) 383K to 477K +110C to +204C +230F to +399F
JEDEC IC Test 218K to 398K -55C to +125C -67F to +257F
Sn63/Pb37 Embrittlement 133K to 163K -140C to -110C -220F to -166F

 
 
 
Critical Temperature
For Superconductors
Material K
Kelvin		 °C
Celsius		 °F
Fahrenheit
Aluminum (Al) 1.9K -271.24C -456.228F
Gallium(Ga) 1.1K -272.05C -457.686F
Indium (In) 3.4K -269.75C -453.546F
Lead (Pb) 7.2K -265.95C -446.706F
Niobium (Nb) 9.2K -263.95C -443.106F
Tin (Sn) 3.7K -269.45C -453.0F

Critical Temperature at which the electrical resistivity of a metal drops to near zero.
Note 1: Gold, silver, and copper work best at room temperture (20°C) and do not become superconductors.
 



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